Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. The questionnaire included structured and open-ended questions about (a) eve teasing exposure, nature, timing, and intensity (Figure 1); (b) chronicity, which delineates one-time or ongoing harassment, perpetrator attributes, and emotional impact (Figure 2); and (c) attitudes toward eve teasing, which relate to O’Donohue and O’Hare’s four-factor theory of perpetration, and opinions about what should be done to curb eve teasing (Figure 3). She was therefore better able to defend herself. Eighty-nine females, ages 14 to 26 years, were recruited through purposive sampling for face-to-face interviews in homes and schools. An example of how social capital may influence one’s resilience and willingness to report was described by a female FGD participant. Information and translations of Eve teasing in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The purpose of this study was to characterize the meaning of eve teasing in the rural context, especially among female youth, and to develop a means to measure its occurrence. Manuscript content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons Licenses. By continuing to browse Eve teasing clearly has deleterious effect on women in terms of their ability to feel safe in public and is much more than an annoyance or inconvenience. Figure 2. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. Characteristics of Last Eve Teasing Experience Among Women Aged 14 to 25 in Punjab, India, 2013-2014 (n = 36). [email protected]edu, Lisa H. Gren is a professor of public health at the University of Utah with expertise in research methods and biostatistics. Here are some of the key legal sections dealing with sexual offences against women that all women must know about. Young age and stricter patriarchal norms and gender expectations may be contributing factors. Eve teasing synonyms, Eve teasing pronunciation, Eve teasing translation, English dictionary definition of Eve teasing. Common behaviors include when men or boys stare at, stalk, touch, or make a remark toward women. [16], The problem first received public and media attention in the 1970s. Confidentiality was improved by not collecting personal identifiers and using verbal rather than signed consent and assent. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including Take Back the Night, followed by another public art project titled, The Blank Noise Project, starting in Bangalore in 2003. He can be reached at jim. A Victorian-sounding phrase meant to describe sexual harassment in public. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. Reporting the incident to authorities was very rare, but a majority (72.7%) reported telling someone, such as a family member or friend (Table 3). The eve teasing module in the ETQ-MH questionnaire included questions about perceived exposure, occurrence, and timing as a means of measuring prevalence (Figure 1). Often, many women are unaware of the laws and regulations that give them protection against such acts. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Prior to this study, the authors and others participated in a broad community assessment with nine villages using Green and Krueter’s Precede-Proceed framework with the aim to improve community health and well-being (Gielen, McDonald, Gary, & Bone, 2008). Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television soaps like Savdhaan India and Crime Patrol. For a long time, it was just frolic between young people. Victimization, or the threat of victimization, may induce anger, shame, humiliation, fear of rape, and significant restriction on girls spending time in public. Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. Additionally, insights to effective interventions were gathered to inform the Proceed phases, which include implementation and evaluation. The questionnaire offers a means to assess the occurrence of eve teasing that is culturally relevant and age appropriate for female youth in India. It was difficult to elicit distinctly separate descriptions of gender-based, or power-based, versus sexualized examples of eve teasing. The most frequent answers were categorized as life would be much better/enjoyable (23), I would be free (21), I would feel safe (21), and I would be able to pursue school or work (8). Our qualitative methods were limited due to a lack of transcripts, lack of back-translation from Punjabi to English, and generally thin description. [8][9][10], The Indian National Commission for Women has suggested that the expression be replaced by a more appropriate term. ", "27 charged for eve teasing and hooliganism in Nepal", "Harassment in public places a routine for many", Laws and Legislative Measures Affecting Women, "In Public Spaces: Security in the Street and in the Chowk", "India – Practical information – Health & Safety", "Eve teasing in India: Assault or harassment by another name", "Special squad to nab eve teasers formed in Kerala", "Special team to check roadside romeos in Allahabad", "Public prosecution: Crime and instant punishment! Perceived consequences of eve teasing included tight restrictions on girls’ mobility, inability to attend school or work, girls being blamed, and causing family problems. SAGE Publications Inc, unless otherwise noted. Table 1. [37], Euphemism for public sexual harassment or assault of women by men, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, "India's female students say 'to hell with it, we won't stand for molesting and Eve-teasing, "Why Are We Still Calling Sexual Harassment 'Eve-Teasing' In India? Lastly, we aimed to gather insights for the development of more rigorous epidemiological studies and to inform the design of effective strategies to combat eve teasing at the community level. The number of women's organisations and those working for women's rights also increased, and during this period reports of bride burning increased. We promote viewpoint diversity to limit the effects of authoritarian ideology. SOA 66632 : Signboard of no kissing and misbehaving eve teasing Boys looking at girl. While the sisters were performing rescue work after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, they heard many stories of young women being sent away for better opportunities but inadvertently into sex slavery; these same small villages high in the Himalayas were also vulnerable to banditry. A Mixed Methods Study of Sexual Harassment of Young Women in the Rural Indian Context, http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage, Ellsberg, Heise, Peña, Agurto, & Winkvist, 2001, Chiodo, Wolfe, Crooks, Hughes, & Jaffe, 2009, https://feminisminindia.com/2015/01/18/stop-calling-it-eve-teasing/, http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/505/505%20pratiksha%20baxi.htm, http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/3/2158244014543786, http://www.tijoss.com/TIJOSS%2015th%20Volume/aminul%20hoque.pdf, http://www.jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Baseline-Survey_layout_for-Print_12_03_2011.pdf, http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/04/21/the-term-eve-teasing-must-die/, Rape Myth Acceptance Among College Students in the United States, Japan, and India, Street Harassment: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Young Women in Delhi. [26] In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.[27]. Sheher Ki Ladki. Additional sections of the questionnaire, described in a manuscript under preparation, included mental health status, sociodemographics, and covariates pertinent to assessing the relationship between eve teasing and mental health. Although we did not probe for more detailed solutions, these results provide a basis for future community discussions about how to address the problem. This article is part of the following special collection(s): Eve teasing as a form of violence against women: A case study of District Srinagar, Kashmir, Impact of sexual harassment victimization by peers on subsequent adolescent victimization and adjustment: A longitudinal study, Street harassment: A qualitative study of the experiences of young women in Delhi, Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations, Everyday stranger harassment and women’s objectification, Abuse and other correlates of common mental disorders in youth: A cross-sectional study in Goa, India, Eve teasing: Role of the patriarchal system of the society, Using the precede-proceed model to apply health behavior theories, Eve teasing in Bangladesh: Causes and impact on society, a study from Islamic perspective, Gender violence in schools: Taking the “girls-as-victims” discourse forward, Sexual harassment and abuse of adolescent schoolgirls in South India, Contextualising sexual harassment of adolescent girls in Bangladesh, Sexual harassment: Identifying risk factors, Friendship and flirting: Micro-politics in Kerala, South India, Portrayals of sexual violence in popular Hindi films, 1997-99, The dowry system in Northern India: Women’s attitudes and social change, Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities, Household exposure to violence and human rights violations in western Bangladesh (I): Prevalence, risk factors and consequences, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. While it is important to acknowledge that both parties may enjoy the interaction, the initial aggressive and sexually charged “gambit” is often neither given with genuine romantic intent, nor welcomed by the recipient. This kind of social capital may play a positive role in mitigating the social and emotional impact of eve teasing. It is a power game in which the man is the predator and the woman is preyed upon. The first 23 interviews, conducted in July, 2013, were observed by a study team member with attention paid to ease of wording, interviewer techniques, and participant understanding. threat meaning in punjabi: ਧਮਕੀ | Learn detailed meaning of threat in punjabi dictionary with audio prononciations, definitions and usage. [22] The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. Twenty-four interviews were observed directly to aid questionnaire development. Among interview participants who were asked about common problems faced by girls in their community (n = 66), the most frequent responses were restrictions on mobility in public (n = 10), safety (n = 8), dowry (n = 7), and barriers to education (n = 7). It may also be related to the fact that high proportion of our study participants was school-aged and unmarried. I have read and accept the terms and conditions. [19] Soon the Indian government had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. The study aimed to recruit participants from a broad range of age, socioeconomic status, school-going status, and geographic distribution within each village. Her areas of research include gender and health, workforce development, and public health preparedness. What does Eve teasing mean? The nature of eve teasing and its broader impact on human rights is described by Akhtar (2013) as a means of controlling women through intimidation and an affront to women’s freedom of movement, education, and bodily integrity and a major stumbling block for achieving gender equality in India. The process began with a social assessment, or Phase I of the Precede-Proceed model. Stalk meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Stalk in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages. But there are certain things they do or think of that seriously irritate men no end. Eve teasing is a common euphemism in South Asia for sexual harassment of women in public areas by men. FGDs were conducted primarily in Punjabi and observed by bilingual note-takers who recorded notes in English. At present it has become a big problem in Bangladesh. [28] The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988. அ. When men were asked why they eve tease, multiple studies report that they believe it is their right, that it is funny or trivial, and that it does not hurt the victim, indicating that moral restraint is easily breached (Akhtar, 2013; Dhillon & Bakaya, 2014; S. Ghosh, 1990; Leach & Humphreys, 2007; Nahar et al., 2013). It was around the 1990s that this gedi culture began. While the term ‘eve teasing’ is not used in Indian Penal Code, it does prohibit eve teasing-like behaviors in Section 294 prohibits making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs, or recitation punishable by up to 3 months in prison (Dhillon & Bakaya, 2014). [19] In February 2009, female students from Maharaja Sayajirao University (MSU) in Vadodara assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel. [20] Other measures taken in various states by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. They said she was so ashamed that she fell into a depression, isolated herself from her friends, and committed suicide. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective. With the exception of two FGDs with adolescent boys, all participants were females, aged 13 to 26. Learn more. FundingThe author(s) received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article. An additional 66 participants were recruited and completed interviews in May 2014. Female foeticide in India (Hindi: भ्रूण हत्या, romanized: bhrūṇ-hatyā, lit. This is especially pertinent in the wake of the highly publicized cases of violence against women, including the New Delhi gang-rape in 2012, which began with eve-teasing-like behaviors by a group of men. Adolescent boys and young women in FGDs offered a variety of behaviors that describe eve teasing. But then, just as women lose their trust in men, men begin to detest It is the sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. ANJNA MISHRA on Essay on “My Favourite Game – Chess” for School, College Students, Long and Short English Essay, Speech for Class 10, Class 12, College and Competitive Exams. Thirty-four people were recruited for six FGDs, two with adolescent boys (n = 10), two with adolescent girls (n = 15), and two with women ages 20 to 26 years (n = 9). Based on interview responses, prevalence of eve teasing was common, ranging from 37.1% for “ever” to 48.3% in within the past 1 year (n = 89; Table 2). (, Fernandes, A. C., Hayes, R. D., Patel, V. (, Gielen, A. C., McDonald, E. M., Gary, T. L., Bone, L. R. (, Paludi, M. A., Barickman, R. B., Barickman, R. (, Wang, S.-J., Modvig, J., Montgomery, E. (. ETQ-MH = Eve Teasing Questionnaire–Mental Health. Phase II, or the epidemiological assessment, focused on behavioral and environmental factors and Phase III, of the educational and ecological assessment focused understanding cultural and ecological factors that reinforce or enable the phenomenon. As described by the Indian government, eve teasing occurs, when a man by words either spoken or by signs and/or by visible representation or by gesture does any act in public space, or signs, recites or utters any indecent words or song or ballad in any public place to the annoyance of any woman. She can be reached at mini. The interview sample differed, unintentionally, from the general population in that it overrepresented women who were of lower caste, 74% compared with 46% in a recent local census (Table 1). Among participants who reported eve teasing (n = 36), most reported feelings of anger (61.1%) and nearly half (47.2%) reported feelings of shame or humiliation (Table 3). If she is receptive to the attention she may offer very subtle cues or “tune” into the attention and both parties may enjoy ongoing flirting that most often does not result in a sexual relationship, but is interesting and fun nonetheless. Email harassment, mobile phone harassment, and cyber-bullying were also noted, indicating that rural youth have increasing access to technology and thus a new channel for harassment. Restriction on women’s mobility in public was a common complaint of participants in our study as has been noted elsewhere. Indian women are wonderful, no two ways about that. 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