Read more. [65] The conspiracy, known as the Rye House Plot, backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James. William convened a Convention Parliament on 22 January 1689[121] to decide how to handle James's flight. [79] He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government. Unable to overcome the continued source of religious tension and constitutional crisis in the country, his short three years as king would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.. James married Anne Hyde, a Catholic and he later converted to Catholicism. ", By the 1960s and 1970s, Maurice Ashley and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule. [6], In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis; the first on 10 June was the birth of James's son and heir James Francis Edward, threatening to create a Roman Catholic dynasty and excluding his Anglican daughter Mary and her Protestant husband William III of Orange. when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control. [21] Turenne's favour led to James being given command of a captured Irish regiment in December 1652, and being appointed Lieutenant-General in 1654. In 1673 Parliament passed the Test Acts that prevented Catholics from being Members of Parliament or from holding any other high office. Media in category "James II of England" The following 72 files are in this category, out of 72 total. James II Stuart, King of Great Britain was born on 14 October 1633 at St. James's Palace, St. James's, London, England G. 4 He was the son of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France. In 1677, King Charles II arranged for James's daughter Mary to marry the Protestant Prince William III of Orange, son of Charles and James's sister Mary. [83], To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety by enlarging his standing army. Callow writes that Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband". Family Parents and siblings . [26], After Richard Cromwell's resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, Charles II was restored to the English throne. Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but the former was more dangerous to James. [50] On 21 November, Mary arrived in England and Nathaniel Crew, Bishop of Oxford, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the marriage by proxy. He was born in October 1633, the second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother to Charles II. After the death of his brother Charles II, he ruled as James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland, till he was deposed to France by the Glorious Revolution. This event was called the Glorious Revolution. [92] When the King's Secretary of State, the Earl of Sunderland, began replacing office-holders at court with "Papist" favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters. JAMES II (1633–1701), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, second son of Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria, was born at St. James's Palace 14 (not 15) Oct. 1633. Maria II., englisch Mary II (* 30. [125], With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689. [62] James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death. [16] When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, Parliamentary leaders ordered the Duke of York to be confined in St James's Palace. [80] Monmouth was captured and later executed at the Tower of London on 15 July. When the city surrendered in 1646, the Duke of York was confined in St James's Palace by parliamentary command. [101] While the Declaration elicited some thanks from its beneficiaries, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges. [116] By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade. When the city surrendered during the siege of Oxford in 1646, the Duke of York was confined in St James's Palace by parliamentary command. [104] In October, James gave orders for the lord-lieutenants to provide three standard questions to all Justices of the Peace: 1. [160] Sowerby also contends that James's policies of religious toleration attracted substantial support from religious nonconformists, including Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, who were attracted by the king's push for a new "Magna Carta for liberty of conscience". Turner, 132. He once said, "If occasion were, I hope God would give me his grace to suffer death for the true Catholic religion as well as banishment."[53]. A defrocked Anglican clergyman, Titus Oates, spoke of a "Popish Plot" to kill Charles and to put the Duke of York on the throne. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [78] Argyll was taken as a prisoner to Edinburgh. [46], King Charles II opposed James's conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised in the Church of England. 3. Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). James was a Catholic and after years of religious in-fighting and turmoil the ruling English nobles were very unhappy to have a Catholic on the throne. [2], James's younger daughter Anne succeeded when William died in 1702. Jump to navigation Jump to search. [107] Finally, on 24 August 1688, James ordered the issue of writs for a general election. James II of England and VII of Scotland. [5] Tolerance for his personal Catholicism did not apply to it in general and when the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to pass his measures, James attempted to impose them by decree; it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal. [77] The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll was captured at Inchinnan on 18 June 1685. [91] Edward Petre, James's Jesuit confessor, was a particular object of Anglican ire. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland; his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance. The Archbishop refused on the grounds of respect for the late king.[87]. 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The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." 14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of York, 10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685: The Earl of Ulster, 31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of Albany, Plumb, J. H. (1937). [36] Charles II also made his brother the Governor of the Royal Adventurers into Africa (later shortened to the Royal African Company) in October 1660; James retained the office until after the Glorious Revolution when he was forced to resign. Scott Sowerby countered Pincus's thesis in 2013 in Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution. [58] Two further Parliaments were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689, declared James to have forfeited the throne. [43] James took Catholic Eucharist in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for almost a decade as he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676. In England, however, the Act of Settlement (1701) had excluded the … It is also called the Bloodless Revolution..... Click the link for more information. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. James II and VII ( 14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. [126] The Irish Parliament did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive bill of attainder against those who had rebelled against him. [112] When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary phenomenon, but when the prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Roman Catholic dynasty, such men had to reconsider their position. Anne of Great Britain. Contents. James II (r.1685-1688) Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673. He was deposed by the Glorious Revolution. James II of England was the second son of King Charles I and Henrietta Maria. In Scotland, he was "James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. James II © James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III. [134] James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the Earl of Melfort; most, but not all, were Roman Catholic. He converted to Roman Catholicism (1669) and was forced to resign all his offices. That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. [105] Corporations were purged by agents, known as the Regulators, who were given wide discretionary powers, in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine. James died in exile in Saint-Germain in France on 16 September 1701. In 1687, he issued a Declaration of Indulgence aiming at complete religious toleration and instructed Anglican clergy to read it from their pulpits. Instead, readers are shown an intelligent, clear-thinking strategically motivated monarch whose vision for a French authoritarian political model and alliance clashed with, and lost out to, alternative views that favoured an entrepreneurial Dutch economic model, feared French power, and were outraged by James's authoritarianism. [8] Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury. James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms, but despite a simultaneous rising in Scotland, in April a Scottish Convention followed that of England by finding that James had "forfeited" the throne and offered it to William and Mary. Although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. Fearing that a Catholic succession was now assured, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange, husband of James's older, and Protestant, daughter Mary. In 1648, he escaped from the Palace, from there he went to The Hague in disguise. James returned with his brother and was appointed as Lord High Admiral of England. [124] The Bill also declared that henceforth, no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic. See. [119] On 11 December, James tried to flee to France, first throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames. Britain's last Stuart and last Catholic monarch, he granted religious minorities the right to worship. The King confirmed the earlier death sentence and ordered that it be carried out within three days of receiving the confirmation. James was born on 14 October 1633 to Charles I and his French wife, Henrietta Maria and was named after his grandfather, James I and VI. [9] He was educated by private tutors, along with his older brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. He was brought up in France and on his father's death (1701) was recognized there as James III of England. [31] Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, the couple married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660 in London. [138], During his last years, James lived as an austere penitent. "Irish Jacobite Poetry". [80] The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels. [144] Sophia was a granddaughter of James VI and I through his eldest daughter, Elizabeth Stuart, the sister of Charles I. [88] James sent a letter to the Scottish Parliament at its opening in 1685, declaring his wish for new penal laws against refractory Presbyterians and lamented that he was not there in person to promote such a law. The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. Born on October 14, 1633, at St. James’ Palace in London, England, King James II of England, was the third, but the second surviving son of King Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, daughter of King Henri IV of France.He was designated Duke of York from birth, the traditional title of the monarch’s second son, but was not formally created until 1643. Prior to his accession, James's coat of arms was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Ermine. James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch. [148] Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the Jacobite claim since his death in 1807. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much in the way of assistance to James. The English coronation only crowned James King of England and Ireland; James was never crowned in Scotland, but was proclaimed. The claim to France was only nominal, and was asserted by every English king from Edward III to George III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. [24] In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace. [65] Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot, implicating fellow-plotters, but later recanted. [41], In 1664, Charles granted American territory between the Delaware and Connecticut rivers to James. Graham Goodlad Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II", Johnson, Richard R. (1978). "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain", Goodlad, Graham (2007). Later that year James faced rebellion, led by Charles II's illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth. His entrails were placed in two gilt urns and sent to the parish church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the English Jesuit college at Saint-Omer, while the flesh from his right arm was given to the English Augustinian nuns of Paris. James II & VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, by Sir Godfrey Kneller. Monmouth himself was messily beheaded. [90] Presbyterians would later call this period "The Killing Time". James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. [141] James was not buried, but put in one of the side chapels. The second was the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for seditious libel; this was viewed as an assault on the Church of England and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority in England. [35] Anne Hyde died in 1671. [47] James refused to perform either action, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. James II, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. In November, William landed with an army in Devon. While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne had thereby become vacant. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. [145] He led a rising in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated. He noted that English taxes remained low during James II's reign, at about 4% of the English national income, and thus it was unlikely that James could have built a bureaucratic state on the model of Louis XIV's France, where taxes were at least twice as high as a proportion of GDP. [127] At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. Miller, 209. von England, wurde protestantisch erzogen und 1677 mit ihrem Cousin Wilhelm III. Although he was proclaimed king in Jersey, Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France and exile. nach, dem er zuvor als Lord High Admiral und Oberbefehlshaber der Royal Navy sowie als Lord High Commissioner von Schottland gedient hatte. [130][131] Despite this popular perception, Breandán Ó Buachalla argued that "Irish political poetry for most of the eighteenth century is essentially Jacobite poetry",[132] and both Ó Buachalla and Éamonn Ó Ciardha argued that James and his successors played a central role as messianic figures throughout the eighteenth century for all classes in Ireland. [110] When seven Bishops, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel. von England (englisch James II; * 14. He was the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, James with his father, Charles I. James' first wife was Anne Hyde. [95] The case of Godden v. Hales affirmed his dispensing power,[96] with eleven out of the twelve judges ruling in the king's favour. [18], In the meantime, Charles was attempting to reclaim his throne, but France, although hosting the exiles, had allied itself with Oliver Cromwell. 80. MacLeod and Waller say all of James's remains were lost in the French Revolution. [111] Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir, James Francis Edward, on 10 June that year. Following its capture by the English the former Dutch territory of New Netherland and its principal port, New Amsterdam, were named the Province and City of New York in James's honour. [118] James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland . During the English Civil War he was captured but fled to exile on the continent. He also attempted to force the Fellows of Magdalen College to elect as their President Anthony Farmer, a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be a Roman Catholic,[103] which was seen as a violation of the Fellows' right to elect someone of their own choosing. Exiled and poor, there was little that either Charles or James could do about the wider political situation, and James ultimately travelled to Bruges and (along with his younger brother, Henry) joined the Spanish army under the Prince of Condé in Flanders, where he was given command as Captain-General of six regiments of British volunteers[18] and fought against his former French comrades at the Battle of the Dunes. [31], In September 1666, his brother Charles put him in charge of firefighting operations in the Great Fire of London, in the absence of action by Lord Mayor Thomas Bloodworth. In consequence, James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turenne's army. In 1660, James married Anne Hyde, daughter of Charles II's chief minister and they had two surviving children, Mary and Anne. He commanded the Royal Navy from1660 to1673. [136] Some supporters in England attempted to assassinate William III to restore James to the throne in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular. In response, the Parliament passed an Act that stated, "whoever should preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, either as preacher or as a hearer, a conventicle in the open air, should be punished with death and confiscation of property". [74], Soon after becoming king, James faced a rebellion in southern England led by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, and another rebellion in Scotland led by Archibald Campbell, the Earl of Argyll. The Jacobite succession is the line through which Jacobites believed that the crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland should have descended, applying primogeniture, since the deposition of James II and VII in 1688 and his death in 1701. James II of England. This, together with James's attempts to give civic equality to Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenters, led to conflict with parliament. ", Walcott, Robert (1962). Monmouth had proclaimed himself King at Lyme Regis on 11 June. [84] This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime. 1688, hundreds of those who gave negative replies to those questions were.... Departing from Kinsale, never to return to any of his former Kingdoms matter! Confronted that scholarly ambivalence in 1688: the Making of Absolute Monarchy ; 16... On 15 July James II of England and consequently fled to exile on continent. 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